{"sport":"mlb","slug":"sam-covington","bio":{"fullName":"Sam Covington","position":"1B","team":"ATL","heightInches":73,"weightLbs":190,"birthDate":"1894-11-18","rookieSeason":1913,"lastSeason":1918,"status":"RET","externalIds":{"mlbam":"112746","chadwick":"4a9c4e9b","retro":"covis101","wikidata":"Q7407354"}},"draft":null,"statTables":[{"id":"batting","label":"Batting","columns":[{"key":"g"},{"key":"ab"},{"key":"r"},{"key":"h"},{"key":"doubles"},{"key":"triples"},{"key":"hr"},{"key":"rbi"},{"key":"sb"},{"key":"bb"},{"key":"so"},{"key":"avg"},{"key":"obp"},{"key":"slg"},{"key":"ops"}],"rows":[{"season":1913,"seasonType":"REG","team":"BAL","gamesPlayed":20,"values":{"g":20,"ab":60,"r":3,"h":9,"doubles":0,"triples":1,"hr":0,"rbi":4,"sb":3,"bb":4,"so":6,"avg":0.15,"obp":0.203,"slg":0.183,"ops":0.386},"rowScope":"team"},{"season":1917,"seasonType":"REG","team":"ATL","gamesPlayed":17,"values":{"g":17,"ab":66,"r":8,"h":13,"doubles":2,"triples":0,"hr":1,"rbi":10,"sb":1,"bb":5,"so":5,"avg":0.197,"obp":0.264,"slg":0.273,"ops":0.537},"rowScope":"team"},{"season":1918,"seasonType":"REG","team":"ATL","gamesPlayed":3,"values":{"g":3,"ab":3,"r":0,"h":1,"doubles":0,"triples":0,"hr":0,"rbi":0,"sb":0,"bb":0,"so":0,"avg":0.333,"obp":0.333,"slg":0.333,"ops":0.666},"rowScope":"team"}],"careerTotals":{"REG":{"g":40,"ab":129,"r":11,"h":23,"doubles":2,"triples":1,"hr":1,"rbi":14,"sb":4,"bb":9,"so":11,"avg":0.178,"obp":0.237,"slg":0.233,"ops":0.47}}},{"id":"advanced","label":"Advanced (League-Relative)","columns":[{"key":"ops_plus","label":"OPS+","description":"On-base plus slugging vs the player's own season+league (100 = league average). Park-unadjusted; OBP uses a consistent (H+BB)/(AB+BB) rate. Higher is better.","format":"int","higherIsBetter":true},{"key":"era_plus","label":"ERA+","description":"Earned-run average vs the player's own season+league (100 = league average). Park-unadjusted. Higher is better.","format":"int","higherIsBetter":true}],"rows":[{"season":1913,"seasonType":"REG","team":"BAL","values":{"ops_plus":18,"era_plus":null},"rowScope":"team"},{"season":1917,"seasonType":"REG","team":"ATL","values":{"ops_plus":67,"era_plus":null},"rowScope":"team"},{"season":1918,"seasonType":"REG","team":"ATL","values":{"ops_plus":111,"era_plus":null},"rowScope":"team"}],"careerTotals":{"REG":{"ops_plus":45,"era_plus":null}},"advancedMeta":{"method":"computed in-house from MLB StatsAPI season batting/pitching lines, normalized to each player's own (season, league) baseline","formulas":{"era_plus":"100 * lgERA / playerERA (league ERA = 9 * ΣER / ΣIP over the season+league)","ops_plus":"100 * (OBP/lgOBP + SLG/lgSLG - 1)","career_era_plus":"innings-weighted league ERA / career ERA (B-Ref method)","career_ops_plus":"AB-weighted OBP & SLG against AB-weighted league rates"},"caveats":["PARK-UNADJUSTED: no park-factor data exists in the corpus, so these are league-relative but not park-adjusted (true B-Ref ERA+/OPS+ also divide by a park factor)","OBP baseline uses a consistent (H+BB)/(AB+BB) reached-base rate for BOTH player and league — the source feed carries no HBP or SF, so this is not the full (H+BB+HBP)/(AB+BB+HBP+SF) OBP; SLG is exact from the hit-type columns","league resolved from team code + season (most-recently-founded franchise existing by that season); the same resolver builds the baseline and looks up the player, so ratios stay internally coherent","a (season, league) bucket below the sample floor (3000 AB batting / 1000 IP pitching) yields null — no noisy baselines","regular season only; postseason lines are excluded from league baselines and metrics","AL and NL and each historical/Negro league are normalized separately — never blended across leagues or eras"]}}],"dataSources":["MLB StatsAPI (statsapi.mlb.com — official public league API; facts only, raw payloads not republished)"],"generatedAt":"2026-07-03T07:40:28.886Z"}